1. Pronouns in English Grammar –
अंग्रेज़ी में सर्वनामों का प्रयोग व्याकरण का एक मूलभूत पक्ष है, जो लेखन में स्पष्टता और सामंजस्य बनाए रखने में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाता है। व्यक्तिगत (Personal), स्वामित्व सूचक (Possessive), संकेतवाचक (Demonstrative) और अनिश्चित (Indefinite) जैसे विभिन्न प्रकार के सर्वनामों को समझना प्रभावी संप्रेषण के लिए आवश्यक है।
सर्वनामों के प्रयोग से संबंधित नियमों में निपुणता प्राप्त करके लेखक अपनी भाषा की गुणवत्ता को बेहतर बना सकते हैं और अपनी बात को सटीकता एवं स्पष्टता के साथ प्रस्तुत कर सकते हैं।
2.What is a Pronoun?
सर्वनाम वह शब्द होता है जो संज्ञा (noun) के स्थान पर प्रयुक्त होता है। जब हम बार-बार किसी व्यक्ति, वस्तु, स्थान या जानवर का नाम नहीं दोहराना चाहते, तब उसकी जगह सर्वनाम का उपयोग करते हैं। इससे भाषा में दोहराव कम होता है और वाक्य सरल व सुगम बनते हैं।
उदाहरण:राम स्कूल गया। राम ने पढ़ाई की। राम घर लौट आया।
➡ यहाँ ‘राम’ शब्द बार-बार आ रहा है।
इसे हम सर्वनाम का उपयोग करके लिख सकते हैं:
राम स्कूल गया। वह ने पढ़ाई की। वह घर लौट आया।
यहाँ “वह” = सर्वनाम (Pronoun)
4. सर्वनाम क्यों महत्वपूर्ण हैं?
सर्वनाम हमारे बोलचाल और लेखन को बनाते हैं:
अधिक स्पष्ट
अधिक सहज
अधिक प्राकृतिक
ये हर धाराप्रवाह वक्ता का गुप्त हथियार होते हैं। सोचिए, अगर हमें बार-बार एक ही संज्ञा (नाम) को दोहराना पड़े — तो वह न केवल थकाऊ होता है, बल्कि अटपटा भी लगता है।
सर्वनाम हमें इस दोहराव से बचाते हैं!
5. Types of Pronouns with Examples
यहाँ सर्वनाम (Pronouns) के प्रमुख प्रकारों की सूची दी गई है, साथ में उनकी हिंदी व्याख्या और उदाहरण भी दिए गए हैं:
1. व्यक्तिवाचक सर्वनाम (Personal Pronouns)
ये सर्वनाम किसी व्यक्ति, वस्तु या समूह के बारे में बताते हैं।
उदाहरण: I, we, you, he, she, it, they
हिंदी: मैं, हम, तुम, वह, वे, यह आदि
वाक्य:
I am a teacher. → मैं एक शिक्षक हूँ।
She is my friend. → वह मेरी दोस्त है।
2. स्वामित्ववाचक सर्वनाम (Possessive Pronouns)
ये किसी वस्तु पर अधिकार (मालिकाना हक़) दर्शाते हैं।
उदाहरण: mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs
हिंदी: मेरा, तुम्हारा, उसका, हमारा, उनका आदि
वाक्य:
This book is mine. → यह किताब मेरी है।
That pen is hers. → वह पेन उसकी है।
3. संकेतवाचक सर्वनाम (Demonstrative Pronouns)
ये किसी व्यक्ति या वस्तु की ओर संकेत करते हैं।
उदाहरण: this, that, these, those
हिंदी: यह, वह, ये, वे
वाक्य:
This is my bag. → यह मेरा बैग है।
Those are my friends. → वे मेरे दोस्त हैं।
4. प्रश्नवाचक सर्वनाम (Interrogative Pronouns)
ये प्रश्न पूछने के लिए प्रयुक्त होते हैं।
उदाहरण: who, whom, whose, what, which
हिंदी: कौन, किसने, किसका, क्या, कौन-सा
वाक्य:
Who is there? → कौन है वहाँ?
What is your name? → क्या नाम है तुम्हारा?
5. अनिश्चित सर्वनाम (Indefinite Pronouns)
ये ऐसे सर्वनाम होते हैं जो किसी विशेष व्यक्ति या वस्तु को स्पष्ट रूप से नहीं बताते।
उदाहरण: someone, anyone, everyone, nobody, everything
हिंदी: कोई, हर कोई, कोई नहीं, सब कुछ आदि
वाक्य:
Someone is knocking. → कोई दरवाज़ा खटखटा रहा है।
Everything is fine. → सब कुछ ठीक है।
6. निजवाचक सर्वनाम (Reflexive Pronouns)
जब कर्ता (subject) और कर्म (object) एक ही हो, तब इनका प्रयोग होता है।
उदाहरण: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, themselves
हिंदी: स्वयं, खुद, खुद को
वाक्य:
He hurt himself. → उसने खुद को चोट पहुँचाई।
I made it myself. → मैंने इसे स्वयं बनाया।
7. पारस्परिक सर्वनाम (Reciprocal Pronouns)
इनका प्रयोग तब होता है जब दो या अधिक लोग एक-दूसरे पर कार्य करते हैं।
उदाहरण: each other, one another
हिंदी: एक-दूसरे
वाक्य:
They love each other. → वे एक-दूसरे से प्रेम करते हैं।
We should help one another. → हमें एक-दूसरे की मदद करनी चाहिए।
8. संबंधवाचक सर्वनाम (Relative Pronouns)
ये किसी संज्ञा या सर्वनाम से जुड़कर उसके बारे में अतिरिक्त जानकारी देते हैं।
उदाहरण: who, whom, whose, which, that
हिंदी: जो, जिसे, जिसका, जो कि
वाक्य:
The boy who came is my friend. → जो लड़का आया था, वह मेरा दोस्त है।
This is the book that I like. → यह वही किताब है जो मुझे पसंद है।
1.Personal Pronouns (व्यक्तिगत सर्वनाम)
Used to represent specific people or things.
| Person | Subject Pronoun | Object Pronoun | Example | Hindi Meaning |
| First | I, we | me, us | I am ready. / He saw me. | मैं, हम / मुझे, हमें |
| Second | you | you | You are nice. / I like you. | तुम, आप / तुम्हें |
| Third | he, she, it, they | him, her, it, them | He is tall. / I know them. | वह, वे / उसे, उन्हें |
Usage Example:
We are going to the park. (subject)
She helped me in my work. (object)
2. Possessive Pronouns
Possessive pronouns show ownership or possession. They tell us who something belongs to.
In Hindi, these are like मेरा, तुम्हारा, उसका, हमारा, तुम्हारा, उनका, etc.
There are two forms you must understand:
| Type | Example | Hindi |
| Possessive Adjectives – come before a noun | This is my book. | मेरी किताब |
| Possessive Pronouns – stand alone, replace the noun | This book is mine. | यह किताब मेरी है |
Table:
| Subject | Possessive Adjective | Possessive Pronoun | Example 1 | Example 2 |
| I | my | mine | This is my pen. | This pen is mine. |
| You | your | yours | That’s your seat. | That seat is yours. |
| He | his | his | That’s his shirt. | That shirt is his. |
| She | her | hers | It’s her bag. | The bag is hers. |
| It | its | — | The dog hurt its leg. | (No pronoun form) |
| We | our | ours | Our house is big. | That house is ours. |
| They | their | theirs | Their room is clean. | That room is theirs. |
Note: “Its” doesn’t have a possessive pronoun form.
Never write it’s instead of its (that means “it is”).
More Examples:
Is this your file? No, it’s his.
We lost our match, but they won theirs.
I like my dress. Do you like yours?
3.Reflexive Pronouns –Referring Back to the Subject
(myself, yourself…)
A reflexive pronoun is used when the subject and the object of a sentence are the same person or thing.
In Hindi: स्वयं, खुद, अपने आप, etc.
Structure:
Subject + verb +reflexive pronoun
Table:
| Subject | Reflexive Pronoun | Hindi Meaning | Example |
| I | myself | स्वयं / खुद | I hurt myself. |
| You | yourself | स्वयं / खुद | You should trust yourself. |
| He | himself | स्वयं / खुद | He blamed himself. |
| She | herself | स्वयं / खुद | She dressed herself. |
| It | itself | स्वयं (जड़ वस्तु) | The cat cleaned itself. |
| We | ourselves | स्वयं / खुद | We enjoyed ourselves. |
| You (plural) | yourselves | स्वयं / खुद | You should behave yourselves. |
| They | themselves | स्वयं / खुद | They introduced themselves. |
Use reflexive pronouns when:
The subject does something to itself
You want to emphasize the doer of the action
Examples in Use:
I made this cake myself. (emphasis)
She looked at herself in the mirror.
We taught ourselves French.
Don’t hurt yourself with that knife.
The baby can’t feed itself.
Correct:
He talked to himself.
Wrong: He talked to him.
4.Demonstrative Pronouns –
(This, That, These, Those)
What Are Demonstrative Pronouns?
Demonstrative pronouns are used to point to specific people or things. These words help us show what we’re talking about—whether it’s something near or far, singular or plural.
In Hindi, these are
translated as: यह, वह, ये, वे
The 4 Main Demonstrative Pronouns:
| Pronoun | Number | Distance | Hindi Meaning | Example |
| This | Singular | Near | यह | This is my pen. |
| That | Singular | Far | वह | That is your house. |
| These | Plural | Near | ये | These are sweet mangoes. |
| Those | Plural | Far | वे | Those are his books. |
How to Use Them:
Think of demonstrative pronouns as “pointing fingers” in your sentence.
You use them to show something — either physically (like pointing at an
object) or while speaking or writing.
Real-Life Situations:
Talking to a friend:
This is my notebook. (holding it in hand)
That is your umbrella. (pointing to a distant corner)
Talking in a classroom:
These are today’s assignments.
Those were yesterday’s questions.
Helpful Trick to Remember:
| Near You | Far From You |
| This (1) | That (1) |
| These (2+) | Those (2+) |
If it’s close, use
“this” or “these”. If it’s far, use “that” or “those”.
Common Mistakes and Corrections:
| Incorrect | Correct | Why? |
| This books are mine. | These books are mine. | “Books” is plural → use “these” |
| That people are shouting. | Those people are shouting. | “People” is plural → use “those” |
| These is good. | This is good. (if singular) | “Is” = singular → use “this” |
5. Interrogative Pronouns –
What are Interrogative Pronouns?
Interrogative pronouns are used to ask questions. They stand in place of the noun we are asking about.
In Hindi, these are similar to: “कौन, क्या, कौन-सा, किसका” etc.
These pronouns don’t give answers—they ask for them!
The Main Interrogative Pronouns:
| Pronoun | Hindi Meaning | Used for | Example |
| Who | कौन | Asking about a person (subject) | Who is knocking at the door? |
| Whom | किसे / किसको | Asking about a person (object) | Whom did you meet yesterday? |
| Whose | किसका / किसकी | Asking about possession | Whose book is this? |
| What | क्या | Asking about things, ideas | What is your name? |
| Which | कौन-सा | Choosing between options | Which color do you prefer? |
Let’s Break Them Down
1. Who vs. Whom
| Pronoun | Function | Example |
| Who | Subject | Who is calling you? (कौन) |
| Whom | Object | Whom are you calling? (किसे) |
Tip: Try
answering the question with “he/she” or “him/her”
He is calling → use Who
You are calling him → use Whom
2. Whose
Used to ask about ownership or possession.
Examples:
Whose shoes are these? (ये जूते किसके हैं?)
Whose idea was this? (यह विचार किसका था?)
3. What
Used to ask about things, information, or definitions.
Examples:
What is your name?
What are you doing?
What is the time?
Don’t confuse What with Which!
4. Which
Used when there is a choice between options.
(जब विकल्प हो)
Examples:
Which subject do you like—Math or Science?
Which way should we go?
Comparison Table: What vs. Which
| Context | Use “What” | Use “Which” |
| Asking freely (no options given) | What is your favorite food? | |
| Choosing from known options | Which do you prefer: tea or coffee? |
Examples of All Interrogative Pronouns in Sentences
| Sentence | Meaning in Hindi |
| Who opened the window? | खिड़की किसने खोली? |
| Whom are you talking to? | तुम किससे बात कर रहे हो? |
| Whose phone is ringing? | किसका फोन बज रहा है? |
| What do you want to eat? | तुम क्या खाना चाहते हो? |
| Which movie do you want to watch? | तुम कौन-सी फिल्म देखना चाहते हो? |
Common Mistakes Learners Make
| Wrong | Correct | Why? |
| Who are you talking to? (OK in casual English) | Whom are you talking to? | “Whom” is object |
| What of these books is yours? | Which of these books is yours? | “Which” is used for selection |
| Whose is this pen belongs to? | Whose pen is this? | Avoid double possession |
6. Relative Pronouns (सम्बन्धवाचक सर्वनाम)
What is a Relative Pronoun?
A relative pronoun is a word that connects a dependent clause (extra information) to a noun or pronoun that came earlier in the sentence.
It relates one part of the sentence to another.
Common relative
pronouns: who, whom, whose, which, that
| Pronoun | Used For | Example | Hindi Meaning |
| who | People (subject) | The teacher who helped me is kind. | जो व्यक्ति |
| whom | People (object) | The girl whom I met was polite. | जिसे |
| whose | Possession | The boy whose pen I borrowed is absent. | जिसका |
| which | Things or animals | The book which you gave me is amazing. | जो वस्तु |
| that | People/things | This is the phone that I lost. | जो |
Focus on “That” and “Which
Both “that” and “which”
are used for things (not people) to add more information about a noun.
In Hindi:
“That” and “Which” can both be translated as:
जो / जिसे / जो कि /
जो वाला / जो चीज़ etc., depending on the context.
Basic Difference: “That” vs. “Which”
| Pronoun | Type of Clause | Use | Example | Hindi |
| That | Restrictive (necessary) | To give essential information about the noun | The book that I borrowed is amazing. | वह किताब जो मैंने उधार ली |
| Which | Non-restrictive (extra info) | To give additional, non-essential info | The book, which I borrowed from Ravi, is amazing. | वह किताब, जो मैंने रवि से ली थी |
What’s a Restrictive vs. Non-Restrictive Clause?
- Restrictive Clause (Essential)
Gives important information. Without it, the sentence loses its meaning.
Use “that”
No comma is used.
Example:
The car that has a dent belongs to me.
(There are many cars; you are identifying a specific one.)
- Non-Restrictive Clause
(Non-Essential)
Gives extra information. The sentence is still complete without it.
Use “which”
Always use commas before and after.
Example:
The car, which is red, belongs to me.
(The color is extra information—it doesn’t define the car.)
Side-by-Side Examples:
| With “That” | With “Which” |
| I liked the movie that you recommended. (You recommended many? I liked one specific one.) | I liked the movie, which you recommended, very much. (Just extra info—you recommended it, but I liked it anyway.) |
| The phone that stopped working is new. | The phone, which I bought yesterday, stopped working. |
Common Mistakes
| Wrong Sentence | Correct Sentence | Why? |
| The book which I lost is mine. | The book that I lost is mine. | “Which” shouldn’t be used in restrictive clauses. |
| The phone, that is blue, is expensive. | The phone, which is blue, is expensive. | “That” doesn’t go with non-restrictive clauses. |
Quick Rules to Remember
Use “that”:
When the clause is necessary for meaning
No commas are used
Mostly in spoken or informal English
Use “which”:
When the clause gives extra (optional) info
Use commas
Often used in formal writing
Pro Tip:
If removing the clause still leaves a clear sentence—
Use “which”
If removing it changes the meaning or makes it unclear—
Use “that”
7. Indefinite Pronouns (अनिश्चयवाचक सर्वनाम)
Indefinite pronouns refer to people or things in a general or non-specific way. We
use them when we don’t name exactly who or what we are talking about.
Why “Indefinite”?
Because they don’t refer to any particular person or object.
Indefinite Pronouns List – with Hindi Meaning & Examples
A. People – व्यक्तियों के लिए
| Pronoun | Hindi Meaning | Example |
| Someone | कोई (एक व्यक्ति) | Someone is knocking at the door. |
| Somebody | कोई (व्यक्ति) | Somebody called you. |
| Anyone | कोई भी | Can anyone help me? |
| Anybody | कोई भी (व्यक्ति) | Did anybody see my phone? |
| No one | कोई नहीं | No one came to the party. |
| Nobody | कोई भी नहीं | Nobody knows the answer. |
| Everyone | हर कोई | Everyone is present today. |
| Everybody | सभी लोग | Everybody loves a good story. |
B. Things – वस्तुओं के लिए
| Pronoun | Hindi Meaning | Example |
| Something | कुछ | I need something to drink. |
| Anything | कुछ भी | Do you want anything from the shop? |
| Nothing | कुछ नहीं | There is nothing in the box. |
| Everything | सब कुछ | Everything is ready for the event. |
C. Quantity/Group – समूह या संख्या के लिए
| Pronoun | Hindi Meaning | Example |
| Each | प्रत्येक | Each student received a certificate. |
| Either | कोई एक (दो में से) | You can choose either option. |
| Neither | कोई नहीं (दो में से) | Neither of the answers is correct. |
| Both | दोनों | Both were equally responsible. |
| Many | कई | Many were invited to the function. |
| Few | कुछ (कम) | Few understood the lesson clearly. |
| Several | अनेक | Several students passed with honors. |
| All | सभी | All are welcome here. |
| Some | कुछ | Some of the books are missing. |
| None | कोई नहीं | None of the food was wasted. |
Subject-Verb Agreement (Singular or Plural?)
| Pronoun Type | Usually Singular | Usually Plural | Depends on Context |
| People/Things | someone, anyone, nobody, each, everything | many, few, several, both | all, some, none |
Examples:
Everyone is happy today. (singular verb)
Few are coming to the party. (plural verb)
None of the milk is left. (milk =uncountable)
None of the students are present. (students =plural)
Common Mistakes
| Incorrect | Correct | Why? |
| Everyone are present. | Everyone is present. | “Everyone” is singular. |
| Somebody have taken your phone. | Somebody has taken your phone. | “Somebody” = singular. |
| None of the apples is ripe. | None of the apples are ripe. | “Apples” is plural. |
| Many of the book is missing. | Many of the books are missing. | “Many” + plural noun. |
8.Reciprocal Pronouns (पारस्परिक सर्वनाम)
(each other, one another)
Reciprocal pronouns are used when two or more people do the same action to each
other—they share or exchange the action.
Hindi meaning: एक-दूसरे / एक-दूसरे से / एक-दूसरे को
Only Two Reciprocal Pronouns in English:
| Pronoun | When to Use |
| Each other | When referring to two people or things |
| One another | When referring to more than two |
Note: In modern usage, both are often used interchangeably.
Examples:
| Sentence | Hindi Translation |
| Ravi and Mohan help each other. | रवि और मोहन एक-दूसरे की मदद करते हैं। |
| The two sisters love each other. | दोनों बहनें एक-दूसरे को प्यार करती हैं। |
| The students shared notes with one another. | छात्रों ने एक-दूसरे से नोट्स बाँटे। |
| We must support one another in difficult times. | हमें मुश्किल समय में एक-दूसरे का साथ देना चाहिए। |
Tip for Learners:
If there are only two people, prefer using each other.
For more than two, use one another—especially in formal writing.
These pronouns make your writing sound natural and fluent, especially when showing mutual actions or feelings.
9. Distributive Pronouns (विभाजक सर्वनाम)
Refer to individual members in a group.
| Pronoun | Example |
| each | Each of the students passed. |
| either | Either of the roads leads home. |
| neither | Neither of them was present. |
Common Errors with Pronouns
| Incorrect | Correct | Explanation |
| Me went to school. | I went to school. | “Me” cannot be used as a subject. |
| This book is your’s. | This book is yours. | No apostrophe in possessive pronouns. |
| He enjoyed the party by him. | He enjoyed the party by himself. | Use reflexive pronoun. |
| Who do you love? | Whom do you love? | “Whom” is used as the object. |
10. Emphatic Pronouns –
(myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself,ourselves, yourselves, themselves)
Emphatic pronouns are used to emphasize the subject of the sentence. They look exactly like reflexive pronouns, but their function is different.
वाक्य के subject पर जोर देने के लिए Emphatic pronouns का उपयोग किया जाता है। वे बिल्कुल Reflexive pronouns की तरह, लेकिन उनका कार्य अलग है।
Key Point:
Reflexive pronouns reflect the action back to the subject.
Reflexive pronouns subject पर वापस कार्रवाई को दर्शाते हैं।
Emphatic pronouns just add emphasis—they are not necessary for the sentence to make sense.
Emphatic pronouns सिर्फ जोर देते हैं – वे वाक्य को समझने के लिए आवश्यक नहीं हैं।
Structure:
Subject + Verb + Emphatic Pronoun
(Emphatic pronoun often comes right after the subject or at the end of the sentence.)
Examples:
| Sentence | Meaning (Hindi) |
| I myself baked the cake. | केक मैंने खुद बेक किया। |
| She herself opened the door. | दरवाज़ा उसने खुद खोला। |
| The principal himself gave me a prize. | इनाम खुद प्रिंसिपल ने दिया। |
| We will complete the work ourselves. | हम खुद काम पूरा करेंगे। |
| They themselves admitted the mistake. | उन्होंने खुद गलती मानी। |
Difference: Reflexive vs Emphatic
| Type | Sentence | Use |
| Reflexive | She hurt herself. | Action reflects back |
| Emphatic | She herself cooked dinner. | Emphasizing “she” did it |
In short:
Reflexive = Necessary for meaning
Emphatic = Optional, used for stress/emphasis
Tip for Learners
If you remove an emphatic pronoun, the sentence still makes sense. But if you remove a reflexive pronoun, the meaning might change or become unclear.
Conclusion
Pronouns are a vital part of English grammar. Whether you’re speaking or writing, using pronouns correctly helps you avoid repetition, express clearly, and sound more natural. With practice, you’ll be able to recognize and use all types of pronouns with ease
Practice Time – Fill in the blanks:
- ______ is my best friend. (pointing to someone standing near)
- ______ are expensive shoes. (pointing to nearby shoes)
- ______ is our school. (pointing to a school far away)
- ______ are the kids we saw yesterday. (pointingto kids across the road)
Answers:
- This
- These
- That
- Those
Fill in the blank with “that” or “which”:
- The laptop ______ I bought yesterday is not working.
- This painting, ______ was created in 1890, is very famous.
- The movie ______ we watched last night was amazing.
- My phone, ______ has a cracked screen, still work fine.
Answers:
- that
- which
- that
- which
A. Fill in the blanks:
- ___ am your teacher.
- This pen is ___.
- He blamed ___.
- I saw a man ___ was crying.
- ___ is knocking at the door?
Answers:
- I
- mine
- himself
- who
- Who
B. Identify the type of pronoun:
- These are sweet.
- He made it himself.
- Everyone was shocked.
- This is her car.
- Each of them got a gift.
Answers:
- Demonstrative
- Reflexive
- Indefinite
- Possessive
- Distributive
Fill in the blanks using correct indefinite pronouns:
- ______ is calling you.
- Did you see ______ in the garden?
- ______ wants to speak to you.
- ______ of these shirts fits me.
- ______ came to help, but it was too late.
- ______ is possible if you try.
(Answers: Someone, anyone, Everybody, None, Nobody, Everything)
Also Read: “Articles A An The Rules, with Examples in Hindi – Complete Guide”
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